Mayer Amschel Bauer, son of Ashkenazi Jew, Moses Amschel Bauer, a money lender and the proprietor of a counting house, is born in Frankfurt, Germany. Moses Bauer places a red hexagram sign above the entrance to his counting house; a symbol destined to end up on the Israeli flag two centuries later.

Ashkenazi Jew Adam Weishaupt is born in Ingolstadt, Germany, where he becomes a member of the Society of Jesus and attains the rank of Professor of Canon Law.